Abstract: Biomass-based composite materials, as a group of highly notable emerging materials, demonstrate extensive application prospects in various fields. The preparation of biomass-based composite materials by combining biomass materials with inorganic nano-antibacterial materials can not only enhance the stability and mechanical strength of biomass materials but also further expand their application scope. This paper focused on reviewing the research progress of several common biomass-based composite materials in the antibacterial field. We firstly provided an overview of the main types and characteristics of biomass-based composite materials and then introduced their main preparation methods. Subsequently, we summarized the applications of biomass-based composite antibacterial materials in leather products, cotton textiles, food packaging, biomedicine and other fields, and finally looked forward to the current challenges and future development of biomass-based composite materials in the antibacterial field.