2024 Vol.34(6): 1–8    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 1926 KB ] ( )

In this study, sodium alginate (SA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were utilized to mimic polysaccharides and proteins during the leather tanning wastewater treatment. This research examined the characteristics and stability of various complexes formed by the interaction of polysaccharides, proteins, and Cr(III). It was discovered that the molecular weights of the SA-BSA-Cr(III) complexes were considerably lower than those of the separate ligands, suggesting that the complexes predominantly arise from intramolecular coordination. A shift in the isoelectric points of the complexes towards a neutral pH enhanced neutralization precipitation and flocculation sedimentation processes. However, the maximum chromium removal efficiency achieved was only 85.62%. Introducing ultrasonic pretreatment in combination with a reflocculation agent increased the chromium removal efficiency of the complexes to over 98%, with the process remaining unaffected by pH variations. The findings of this investigation offer a theoretical and practical foundation for the enhanced removal of chromium in non-neutral environments.

2024 Vol.34(6): 9–15    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 3088 KB ] ( )

Collagen fiber based adsorbents have gradually received attention due to their exceptional performances in nuclide adsorption, but the final disposal of those adsorbents remains a concern. In this study, the pyrolysis of collagen fiber-immobilized tannins (CFT) was conducted by the catalysis of in situ Fe2O3 for the purpose of safe and effective volume reduction. The pyrolysis process was first investigated through thermogravimetric analysis technique, and it was found that the Fe3+ doped into CFT (Fe-CFT) could lower the pyrolysis temperature to approximately 450 ℃, which is 150 ℃ lower than that of direct pyrolysis without catalysts, while the residual rate was only 9.5%. Furthermore, the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of Fe-CFT was conducted using nano-Fe2O3 as the heat transfer medium, the residual rate of Fe-CFT decreased further to 2.1%. The solid residue was then undertaken Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and elemental analyses, and it was found that the Fe3+ doped into CFT was converted into Fe2O3, which effectively promoted the CFT pyrolysis process. In summary, this study innovatively utilizes microwave heating technology to effectively reduce the pyrolysis temperature of CFT through in situ Fe2O3 catalysts, and the residual rate is very low, thereby achieving safe and efficient volume reduction of radioactive waste of collagen fiber-based adsorbents.

2024 Vol.34(6): 16–23    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 4022 KB ] ( )

Based on the principle that phenylalanine and tyrosine in collagen produce quantitative endogenous fluorescence, the effect of yak hide collagen mass concentration on its self-assembly behavior and the phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer during the assembly process were studied by synchronous fluorescence spectrum and emission fluorescence spectrum, and the critical assembly mass concentration of yak hide collagen in 0.5 mol/L acetic acid was determined to be 0.77 mg/mL by calculation. The corresponding working curve between fluorescence intensity of yak hide collagen and its mass concentration of 0.10-3.00 mg/mL was established, and the efficiency of collagen passing through 0.22 μm filter membrane was quantitatively analyzed, which proved that the passing rate was linear with the natural logarithm of mass concentration. Yak hide collagen formed the complex self-assembly structure under acidic salt-free conditions, and the addition of neutral salt changed the assembly state and process. In the presence of phosphate buffer-sodium chloride, the self-assembly effect is optimum. With the increase of assembly degree, collagen gradually formed the orderly spatial structure, and the absorbance, fluorescence intensity, modulus and complex viscosity increased, while the loss coefficient decreased.

2024 Vol.34(6): 24–30    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 1760 KB ] ( )

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) aqueous solutions were utilized to extract collagen from deliming cowhide trimmings. The effect of DES type, DES concentration, extraction time and temperature on the collagen extraction efficiency were investigated. Results showed that the optimal extraction efficiency can be obtained by using the DES containing urea and acetic acid as the extraction agent, with the DES concentration of 0.75 mol/L, temperature of 15 ℃ and extraction time of 24 h, respectively. Under this condition, the yield of collagen was 37%; the results of infrared spectroscopy showed that the product held a typical absorption peak of type I collagen. Compared with the collagen extracted by traditional acidic and enzymatic methods, the collagen extracted using DES aqueous solution displayed higher purity of collagen and intact triple helix structure, which endow it with wide potential in biomedical field.

2024 Vol.34(6): 31–39    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 2141 KB ] ( )

Leather is a natural material that combines practicality with fashion. To keep up with the changing times, the leather industry must enrich the functionality of its products. Current research has shown that incorporating nanomaterials into leather-making process could provide leather with antibacterial, flame retardant, and yellowing-resistant properties. Lead-free halide perovskite nanomaterials have become increasingly popular in optoelectronics due to their strong visible light absorption and adjustable structure, which also show great potential in the leather industry. This review described the structural evolution of lead-free halide perovskites. We further summarized the preparation methods and compared their advantages and disadvantages. Their applications in leather-making process were discussed. Finally, the existing problems in the application of lead-free halide perovskites in leather-making process were pointed, along with future application directions and prospects.

2024 Vol.34(6): 40–46    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 936 KB ] ( )

The products carbon footprint accounting is a crucial step for achieving the strategic goal of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" of China, and is essential path to address international carbon tax trade barriers, especially for export-oriented industries. Thus, the carbon footprint accounting of leather products is urgently required. In this article, the current development status of products carbon footprint accounting based on life cycle assessment was systematically analyzed. The problems of products carbon footprint accounting in China's leather industry were discussed. Combining with the established carbon emission factors database of leather chemicals and the standardized process for leather product carbon footprint accounting by our team, the constructing method of carbon footprint accounting system for leather products in China was proposed. This approach aims to promote the green, low-carbon, and high-quality development of leather industry in China.

2024 Vol.34(6): 47–54    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 1179 KB ] ( )

Efficient and cost-effective drying technology is critical to the value-added utilization of agricultural and forestry waste, tannery waste, and industrial organic solid waste. The huge production of Chinese Baijiu not only contributes to the economic development of the country, but also produces a large amount of waste distillers' grains. The resource utilization of distillers' grains is limited due to its high moisture content and acidity. It is also easy to mildew, which is hard to deal with. The efficient and low-cost distillers' grains drying technology is of decisive significance for its resource utilization. Therefore, the character of distillers' grains produced by various fermentation processes was introduced in this work, and the drying and utilization technologies of distillers' grains were also reviewed, which helps the resource utilization and energetic conversion of distillers' grains. It also lays a foundation for the sustainable development and green transformation of Baijiu industry.

2024 Vol.34(6): 55–63    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 1987 KB ] ( )

In order to enhance the automation in leather toggling operation and address the issues such as inefficiency, high labor intensity, and inconsistent product quality, a systematic classification and introduction of toggling, clamping, and stretching techniques were presented, highlighting essential technological insights. The analysis delineated the unique attributes and prospective applications of diverse technological approaches. It was revealed that multi-directional toggling adeptly accommodated the variegated demands of leather production. Special fixtures and magnetic fixtures demonstrated efficacy in processing non-standard leather shapes, while synchronized stretching mechanisms were noted for their streamlined structure and superior operational efficiency. Furthermore, single-point stretching, with tailored force distribution, significantly augmented the yield and enhanced leather quality. Finally, a summary was provided on the application of digital technologies in critical steps of the stretching board process and the techniques for controlling temperature and humidity during the drying process of stretching boards. This offers insights for enhancing the production efficiency and leather quality of leather stretching board equipment.

2024 Vol.34(6): 64–68    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 1710 KB ] ( )

Microfiber synthetic leather is highly favored for its excellent comprehensive performance. However, common microfiber synthetic leather on the current market is mostly based on staple fiber-needle-punched nonwovens, and little research has been done on the leather products made of filament nonwovens. In order to explore the feasibility of applying microfiber filament nonwovens to leather products, this paper prepared sea-island and segmented-pie filament nonwovens for fabricating their leather products. We then compared and discussed the properties of sea-island and segmented-pie filament nonwovens and their leather products. The results show that the tensile properties of sea-island filament nonwovens and their leather products are inferior to that of segmented-pie filament nonwovens and their leather products, while the softness, air permeability, and moisture permeability are better than segmented-pie filament nonwovens and their leather products. In conclusion, sea-island filament nonwovens are more suitable for the preparation of microfiber leather.

2024 Vol.34(6): 69–72    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 1345 KB ] ( )

In order to improve the waterproof performance and expand the application range of polyester fabric, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film and polyester fabric were combined. The processing temperature, TPU film thickness, and composite pressure on peel strength, air permeability, softness, antistatic property, light transmittance, UV protection property, water resistance, and moisture permeability of the resulted products were analyzed by orthogonal experiment. Results showed that the UV protection, water resistance, and electrostatic charge decay rate of TPU-polyester composite fabrics were improved. The permeability, softness, and moisture permeability were slightly decreased, and the light transmittance was almost unchanged. Both TPU film thickness and processing pressure played equal roles on the overall wear performance, while the processing temperature showed less effects. The overall wear performance can be optimized when using 130 ℃ as the processing temperature, 0.5 mm as the thickness of the TPU film, and 15 MPa as the pressure.

2024 Vol.34(6): 73–79    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 2549 KB ] ( )

Aiming at the problem of high probability of children's foot injury, the functional demand index system of protective children's shoes was established, which combined Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskikh Zadatch (TRIZ) theory to provide theoretical basis for the design innovation of protective children's shoes. Firstly, the user needs were obtained through questionnaire survey and literature research, and the AHP was used to establish the hierarchy model of needs, and the weight and ranking of each demand were calculated to determine the key issues in the design process. Secondly, the function matrix of contradiction was established; the specific contradictions were found out, and the contradictions and conflicts were solved based on TRIZ theory, and the innovative design scheme was proposed. Finally, the protective children's shoes were evaluated. The design process of protective children's shoes based on AHP and TRIZ theory can obtain the weight of product functional requirements, propose design schemes in view of existing contradictions, and evaluate them to meet user needs and provide certain references for the innovative design of protective products.

2024 Vol.34(6): 80–87    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 1697 KB ] ( )

In order to explore the effects of heel height and wearing experience on dynamic stability during stair descent in female, the Vicon motion capture system and AMTI force platform were used to collect the body stability parameters of 20 inexperienced and 20 experienced high-heeled shoes (HHS) young women wearers when they walked down the stairs in four kinds of high heels (1, 3, 5, 7 cm). The data was analyzed statistically by using Two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed that compared with the experienced HHS wearers, the margin of stability (MoS) in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction was significantly decreased of the inexperienced HHS wearers. Compared with 1 cm flat shoes, the MoS, separation between the center of mass (CoM) and center of pressure (CoP) and CoM-CoP inclination angle in the medio-lateral (ML) direction were significantly decreased of the 5 cm and 7 cm high heels shoes. The results showed that with the increase of heel height, the dynamic stability of the body in the ML direction decreased and the risk of falling increased, and the body stability was better of the experienced women.

2024 Vol.34(6): 88–95    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 1947 KB ] ( )

The influence of insole design parameters on lower limb comfort during standing/walking for a long time was investigated. Nine young women were selected to wear insole with different hardness (30° Shore C and 40° Shore C) and arch support height (+1.5 mm and +3 mm), and the lower extremity biomechanics and subjective comfort indexes were tested during initial standing, standing/walking for 60 min, 120 min and 180 min. The results showed that with the extension of standing/walking time, the subjects' subjective discomfort increased significantly under the three insole conditions. There was no significant difference in leg circumference before and after standing/walking. Pressure time-integrals (PTI) and root mean myography of peroneus longus were significantly increased within 120 min of standing/walking, and peak pressure (PP) was significantly increased within 180 min of lateral palm and middle foot. When only the insole hardness was changed, PP of the medial and lateral heel were 30° Shore C>40° Shore C over time, and PP and PTI of the middle foot were 30° Shore C<40° Shore C, while increasing the arch support height could reduce PP and PTI of the middle foot. Therefore, it is recommended that the long-term standing/walking occupational groups should choose the insole with higher arch support, which can greatly reduce the foot pressure load under the accumulation of time. In addition, the support height of the insole also has different effects on the flat foot and high arch foot people, so it is also necessary to consider the arch state of the wearer to select the appropriate arch support height.

2024 Vol.34(6): 96–103    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 3696 KB ] ( )

Kazakh harness decoration pattern is an important part of Kazakh culture, which contains unique national characteristics and artistic charm. This article took the decorative patterns of Kazakh horse harnesses as the research object, systematically analyzed their artistic characteristics, and extracted the typical pattern factors and color factors by using the user perceptual semantic evaluation experiment to analyze the commonalities and characteristics of consumers' emotional preferences for the decorative patterns of Kazakh horse harnesses. Innovative derivative patterns were applied to the design of modern leather goods to make the products conform to modern aesthetic cognition and at the same time have ethnic characteristics and cultural connotations. This work not only favors the inheritance and innovation of Kazakh patterns, but also provides research ideas and practical methods for the innovative application of other ethnic patterns in the field of leather goods.

2024 Vol.34(6): 104–111    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 2506 KB ] ( )

In the context of new economy, relying on artificial intelligence (AI) technology, we built a new model of co-creation services for the handmade leather goods community and promoted the sustainable development of leather industry. First of all, the role relationship between the stakeholders of handmade leather goods was clarified in the community co-creation. Secondly, the AI models that can be used in the design process of handmade leather goods were analyzed. Subsequently, the service process and service relationship of the co-creation of the handmade leather goods community were sorted out and studied, and the co-creation mechanism of handmade leather goods community was constructed. Finally, the service system and service blueprint were further constructed, and the relationship between the co-creation of handmade leather goods community was clarified. This work will help traditional handmade leather goods to be integrated into the new format and open up the field of handmade leather goods services.

2024 Vol.34(6): 112–119    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 3220 KB ] ( )

Canton embroidery is the first batch of intangible cultural heritage approved by The State Council. Canton embroidery pattern has profound artistic heritage and outstanding application value, and has played an important role in beautifying people's life in the past 1 000 years. This paper summarized the artistic characteristics of Canton embroidery patterns, put forward innovative design methods, created a number of new patterns, and applied them to leather clothing and other modern leather clothing, showing the powerful decorative and unique advantages of Canton embroidery patterns. This research on the innovative application of Canton embroidery pattern in fashion clothing design has a practical role and significance to promote the inheritance of traditional Chinese culture in modern society and the high-quality development of China's textile and garment industry, and also provides some effective design ideas and methods for the industry.

2024 Vol.34(6): 120–125    [Abstract] ( )    [PDF 2130 KB ] ( )

Traditional poetry elements have great application value in leather goods design, and they are highly compatible with each other. First, designers need to grasp the translation path of poetry culture from three aspects, namely, extraction and transformation of design elements, creative design of poetry culture, and realization and improvement of craftsmanship techniques. Second, designers can explore the application methods of traditional poetry elements from multiple perspectives, such as deconstruction and reconstruction, combination of abstraction and concreteness, mapping of color and emotion, extension of space and time, interactive and dynamic design, modular and customizable design, etc. Finally, specific design practice cases have proved the feasibility of applying traditional poetry elements to leather goods. Designers should pay attention to the application prospect of traditional poetry elements in leather goods design and actively explore new design languages to provide consumers with leather goods with cultural connotations and artistic value.